Biodiversity at Risk Due to Urbanization Free Essays

Ranger service â€Å"Indo-Burma Forests† Forests, the absolute most basic biological systems on the planet, house around forty to seventy-five percent all plants and creatures comprehensively. Tragically, the measure of biodiversity in backwoods is seriously in danger because of the expanding deforestation in the course of recent decades. It is evaluated in the natural network that around 50,000 species are totally cleared out every year because of discretion, land freedom, logging, and other human methods. We will compose a custom exposition test on Biodiversity at Risk Due to Urbanization or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Dry. Edward Wilson, a Harvard educator, predicts that half of all of earth’s species could be wiped out in around 50 years, except if the deforestation rate diminishes. In 2011, Conservation International (otherwise called C’) directed an investigation of the best ten most imperiled woods on the planet (half of them found Asia-Pacific Region). Of the ten, the Indo-Burma woods were considered the main most imperiled timberland. Including roughly 2,373,000 km, the timberlands spreads from eastern India to Southern china. The Indo-Burma woods are viewed as one of 34 â€Å"biodiversity hotshots,† a term instituted y Norman Myers (a British scholar), which is a biographic scene portrayed by exceptional degrees of territory misfortune and plant endemics. More than ninety-five percent of the region’s timberlands have been demolished, which leaves just around five percent of the first woods region despite everything standing; in this manner, the Indo-Burma backwoods are the most defenseless woodlands comprehensively. The Indo-Burma timberlands are situated amidst floodplains, lakes, and waterways. These different conduits radiate life and thriving, permitting extravagance in biodiversity just as assets. This locale is home goodness number of the biggest freshwater fish, winged creature, and turtle species. There is additionally, a combination of biological systems exemplified in this superstar, involving dry evergreen, wet evergreen, and deciduous timberlands. There are likewise a few patches of forests and scrubbings on karts limestone edges, some in costal terrains just as scattered heath woodlands. Moreover, an expansive scope of particular, limited vegetation advancements, including occasionally overwhelmed fields, marsh floodplain bogs, and mangroves. This immense natural decent variety is a consequence of geological cooperation, soil authorities, environmental change, and occasional precipitation designs. The plant species are richly different with 13,500 vascular plants evaluated with half of them being endemic. The greenery of timberlands go from an assortment of ginger and orchids (more than 1,000 diverse orchid species found in Thailand alone) to tropical hardwood trees including Disintegrations (teak) and Dipterous (which happens to be industrially important). The creature species are significantly progressively across the board as Indo-Burma is ceaselessly exposing organic fortunes. Over the most recent twelve years, [the following] six age warm blooded creatures have been found: The Salsa, the Inmate Mountain, the Large-Antlered Mountain, the Leaf Deer, the Gray Swanked Doug, and the Inmate Rabbit. There are roughly 430 warm blooded animal species living in the area; more than seventy species and seven sorts are endemic. More than 280 land and water proficient species are found in the superstar, however there isn't significant level of endemics outside of the variety level. The district has vital freshwater fish animals; there are more than 1,260 perceived species (about 10% of the world’s complete freshwater fish). There are in excess of 1,260 winged creature species with more than 60 being endemic. The floodplain wetlands and the waterways are significant for flying creature species preservation since populace numbers have declined because of human development and chasing. The reptile populace is one of the more predominant types of the area. Very nearly 520 types of reptile live there which in excess of 200 species being endemic and twelve genera. This Indo-Burma superstar conveys maybe the biggest arrangement of freshwater turtles comprehensively; there are actually 53 species (57 including tortoises), connoting 20% of the world’s species. A mainstream animal groups is the Chitchatted, a striped thin headed turtle with a delicate shell, which can grow up to around 120 centimeters. These species are diminishes in number too, for the most part because of the overexploitation in the interest of natural life exchange. Of the 22 non-marine turtle species that are imperiled, practically 50% of them are found in the Indo-Burma area. Other noticeable reptiles incorporate the Ellipsis butterfly reptile, the Chinese crocodile reptile, and the Siamese crocodile. People have incredibly affected life for the creatures, in any case, and the general condition. Indo-Burma was really one of the essential terrains utilized by people in the advancement of horticulture; Hereford, fire has been utilized increasingly more throughout the years to get out land expected to fit agrarian needs and other human requests. As interest for rural products has soar over the previous years because of populace and market development, backwoods decimation got far reaching. Immense territories of swamp woodlands before long became supplanted with tree ranches (oil palm, teak, and elastic), while slope backwoods and Montana were compromised by sugarcane, espresso, tea, and vegetable harvest estates. Notwithstanding estates, backwoods become imperiled by digging for minerals and diamonds, kindling assortment, charcoal creation, and logging. The marine environment all the while became under extraordinary tension in numerous territories because of improvement. Depleting for the development of wet rice has harmed freshwater wetlands and floodplain swamps (predominantly in Vietnam, Thailand, and Manner). The damming of waterways have additionally gotten far increasingly common in endeavors to create power and amplify water stockpiling to help the financial development of the nation just as for exportation of products and enterprises to circumscribing nations to increment remote trade pay; lamentably, damming a stream not just proselytes that little collection of eater into a huge lake, yet it diminishes the oxygen substance and generally speaking temperature, just as in intensifies water turbidity down the stream and stream bed disintegration. The operational proportions of the repository has brought about irregular or successive flooding of shoals, stretches of channel arrangement, shoals, and other domain that is commonly revealed during dry season [severely affecting turtle species and settling birds]. Mangroves in the area have been changed to aquaculture lakes, while mudflats have been thoroughly afforested with mangrove or shed by heaps of nets, which extraordinarily impacts their criticalness as a taking care of living space for moving winged creatures and other example. Moreover, environments of sand rises are in serious peril because of forestation, and overloading alongside unnecessary utilization of [destructive] fishing strategies have delivered an impressive issue with both the seaward and beach front sea-going biological systems. Being that solitary 5% of common living spaces are left in an immaculate state and 10%-25% of harmed land because of territory misfortune and abuse of assets, something must be done to diminish the likelihood of omelet termination of the woodlands. In the Indo-Burma superstar, ensured territory structures have become the establishment of government preservation program. There is formally 236,000 km of land ensured, speaking to about 10% of the first measure of vegetation in the locale. Then again, just 132,000 km (right around six percent) is in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (CNN) secured region classes one to four. Together, the nations of Lower Mekong (Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Ala P. D. R. ) have over 13 percent f their region contained by a game plan of secured territories. A fine way to deal with guaranteeing that the arrangement of ensured zones adequately protects delegate biodiversity is by making sure about the species that face the most serious risk of annihilation comprehensively. Imperiled species overall are protected best by focusing on conservation venture to the locales in which they are predominant; these zones are known as â€Å"key biodiversity areas† (Kbps). More endeavors towards the preservation of the Indo-Burma woodlands are right now really taking shape and there are numerous associations and people that are anxious to contribute. The most effective method to refer to Biodiversity at Risk Due to Urbanization, Papers

Application of Management Theories

Utilization of Management Theories Dynamic Most effective enterprises have applied either representative strengthening hypothesis or the infiltration evaluating hypothesis. A blend of the two hypotheses may likewise upgrade showcase execution of some random enterprise. In any case, strengthening hypothesis encourages a culture of employees’ commitment by permitting them to take an interest and add to the dynamic processes.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Application of Management Theories explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The utilization of this hypothesis empowers an association to find the full cooperative energy and intensity of its workers as respects to issue discovery, tackling close by better help conveyances. Conversely, the infiltration estimating hypothesis may assist an organization with evading market rivalry. It tends to be applied when an organization needs to work in any event cost conceivable while setting the most reduced item costs. Presentation Various s peculations have been applied during dynamic procedures. The notice anyway features the uses of the worker strengthening and infiltration evaluating hypotheses as noted in human asset and advertising zones separately. Moving towards workforce strengthening society Workforce strengthening ended up being a corporate catchphrase in mid nineties and the corporate press accord esteemed it to be a respectable thing. During this periods, the standard view considered workforces to be replaceable articles in companies, people who should be very much prepared to execute all around characterized and slender undertakings just as individuals who ought to be continually administered and observed without fail (Rehkopf, 2009). With the approach of employees’ strengthening society, there has been the necessitation that even the complex and progressively taught representatives have the desire of contributing in their work environments and to the businesses. Essentially, employees’ stren gthening in basic term infers the undeniable sidekicks in quest for top notch levels and better administrations. Engaged representatives are constantly urged to decide, think and take individual activities based on the characterized corporate rules (Rehkopf, 2009). The hierarchical administration should consequently perceive representative capacities and offer the imperative power and apparatuses which empowers them to unendingly propel their exhibitions. The administration is accused of duty of expressing its desires as respects to the acknowledgment and tackling of the issues through enabling the workers to so.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A viable case of strengthening Very scarcely any enterprises really grasp the employees’ strengthening idea. Truth be told, enterprises that receive this idea have understood the enormous cooperative energy and forc e which could be discharged when workforces are permitted to completely take an interest in the expected tasks. A down to earth model where the idea of employees’ strengthening society was broadly grasped is Ritz-Carlton Hotel. Rather than minimizing its representatives by neglecting to hear them out and declining to have them contribute in the lodging dynamic procedures, Ritz-Carlton Hotel does precisely the inverse. Representative strengthening isn't simply utilized in guests’ fulfillment, however it is somewhat proposed to crown them fanciful administrations (Hardina, 2007). Each representative at Ritz-Carlton Hotel gets an opportunity to add to the dynamic procedure and they have the order from the pioneers to act in like manner. How the worker strengthening idea achieve explicit activities Initially, Ritz-Carlton Hotel didn't connect with its workforce in the constant procedure improvement and in the advancement of work forms. It was in this way extremely hard to check how the imperative help conveyances to accomplices could be made. There was similarly laxity and non-duty in favor of representatives as respects to support conveyances and objective accomplishments. The resolve and inspiration in the establishment was very low while the representatives were less stimulated by inability to include them in the dynamic procedures. The representatives in this way felt like they were not perceived nor were they esteemed piece of the association. In this manner, they came up short on the full feeling of innovative duty (Rehkopf, 2009). The hypothesis of worker strengthening requires that every representative inside the association should thoroughly detect the dedication of the association to such a strengthening. Just saying that the workforce is engaged is really not genuine. Actually, the administration and all pioneers found at various levels should act by evading the negligible talks. This hypothesis necessitates that the administration should understand that workforce strengthening isn't care for the otherworldly endowments that laborers get from the administration. The pioneers have the duty of building up a crucial air and condition where the workforce feels the genuine strengthening (Ryan, 1998). They ought to have an inclination that they are encouraged in the dynamic procedure and must know about the administration sponsorship and backing. Results accomplished by rehearsing representative strengthening hypothesis After the hypothesis was executed at Ritz-Carlton Hotel, the workers released their true abilities as respects to support conveyance and therefore took part in all the enterprising tasks. They supported the lodging the executives in distinguishing and taking care of the rising issues other than giving visitors incredible services.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Application of Management Theories explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The workers felt like they had more n oteworthy stakes in the inn and completely stayed faithful and responsible to their expected undertakings. In reality, they compared their particular triumphs and reason with those of the inn. There were out of this world resolve and inspirations in the inn without inconsistent battles and contrivances by the administration (Rehkopf, 2009). The representatives were enthusiastic about individual laborers and administration conveyances to visitors. What I could have done another way As a rehearsing administrator, I could have sought to know the workers by their names, share my time with them, treat them like grown-ups and actually search for their government assistance. Generally significant, I could have imparted to them my dreams and objectives for the inn by altogether and every now and again speaking with them. Data and rules for enabled practices could likewise have been made accessible to every specialist. Laborers who achieve past desires could have been compensated while any e xuding part issues could have been in a split second settled. Consequently, the workers could have been made and package of the inn. Another hypothesis that could be utilized in dynamic is the self-assurance hypothesis. In view of this hypothesis, laborers have both outer and inside saw locus of territory which causes them to feel that any power starts and supports their activities. Such powers may thusly cause inspiration. Infiltration estimating hypothesis This idea has been generally utilized by most new market participants when they target winning customers and subsequently collecting bigger pieces of the overall industry from their rivalries. The hypothesis gets from the interest value responsiveness by accepting that customers will consistently move to the novel brands and items whose costs are apparently low. The supposition that will be that given brand dependability has been grown, at that point the set costs may be raised continuously to achieve the prevailing business sec tor cost. In the event that costs are low, at that point the fundamental altruism will be produced and thus organizations will be equipped for holding unto their customers other than increasing other decidedly alluded clients (Baker, 2006). A commonsense utilization of infiltration evaluating There are various issues that are tended to by means of applying this hypothesis. As detailed in the media, this hypothesis has been broadly applied by Wal-Mart Corporation. The organization accepted that when more significant expenses are charged on products, advertise contenders will in the long run beat it by decreasing their costs. Since recognizable and particular costs portion are inexistent in the market while value versatile interest are displayed, bigger items market will allow rivalry happen. Costs will in the end diminish in this way allowing ensuing value climbs which will operationally counterbalance the starter low costs (Hardina, 2007). Wal-Mart applied this hypothesis by setting low costs to enable its customers to set aside cash and live better lives. The organization did this by offering lovely shopping experience, ensuring fulfillment, setting the least potential costs, giving educated understanding and an assortment of value items. It was because of value enmity and market rivalry that Wal-Mart picked to receive this theory.Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More How infiltration valuing idea achieve explicit activities The hypothesis of entrance estimating encourages clients to perceive one another. Any organization that draws on infiltration valuing has a superior potential for success of countering the competitors’ activities and has uncommon situating systems. For example, Wal-Mart applied this hypothesis in its business tasks and the enterprise has gotten the opportunity to use economies of scale. Economies of scale thusly helped the organization to deliver various merchandise in any event cost conceivable. The final product is a decrease on the charged costs, evasion of market rivalry and turning into a market chief (Winninger, 1994). Results accomplished by utilizing entrance estimating hypothesis When Wal-Mart applied this idea, it made a positive impression which made customers to accept that the enterprise genuinely gives the most reduced valued items. The made I

Economic Impact of Affordable Care Act free essay sample

Effect of the Affordable Care Act† The present social insurance framework over weights the economy and is excessively expensive in contrast with the medical advantages it conveys. The United States spends around 50 percent more on social insurance than some other created nation (as a small amount of our absolute national economy) and we get less for it on what makes a difference. The human capital required to get these administrations leaves numerous Americans managing without or not accepting the clinical treatment required. The Affordable Care Act might be the most dubious enactment in the cutting edge period. It is promoted as human services extension to around thirty million additional Americans. The ACA is additionally intended to get rid of a portion of the unreasonable components of the present framework. Wellbeing guarantors presently can deny individuals inclusion for â€Å"pre-existing conditions† which makes cash based expenses far off for most Americans. Similarly as with any bit of government lawmaking, the ACA was the result of political trade off among gatherings and interests. (Turner) However, the ACA should assist with improving the GDP over the long haul. In the transient time frame, the expansion in financial security for American families will likewise mean an expansion in buyer spending. Numerous uninsured shoppers are compelled to put aside cash in low premium fluid records to ensure they have enough to take care of surprising clinical expenses. With the security gave by medical coverage, they can let loose that cash for utilization that is considerably more significant to them. At the point when the government extended Medicaid during the 1990s, the recently safeguarded altogether expanded their spending on purchaser merchandise. (Brodwin) More acquisition of purchaser products will give short-run incitement to the economy and all the more recruiting. Adversaries of the demonstration have countered this hypothesis saying it will freeze recruiting in certain enterprises. A few businesses may oppose employing new laborers, at any rate mostly to stay away from the significant expenses of the laws ordered wellbeing inclusion. The wellbeing law will require all businesses with in excess of 50 specialists to give medical coverage or pay a fine of $2,000 to $3,000 per laborer consistently. (Yoo) These additional expenses could bring about organizations losing the cash expected to develop their organizations and recruit new specialists. It is expected that private venture, for the most part the countries most vigorous employment makers, will be hit hardest and many state the prerequisite would clear out their benefits. It is asserted that the â€Å"slow down† in employing has as of now start inâ anticipation of the ACA. The complete expense for medicinal services in the US is around 16 percent of Gross Domestic Product, known as GDP. What we pay to specialists and insurance agencies legitimately are remembered for this, just as what we pay by implic ation to Medicare and different projects. 16 pennies of each dollar spent on staple goods or garments that will go to human services. This is high in contrast with most other created nations that pay between 9-12 percent of GDP. The distinction in GDP is just about 5 percent, which works out to be the greater part the yearly government shortfall. The greatest dread related to the Affordable Care Act is likely about the financing and â€Å"job-executing taxes†. There are three essential sources that the law applies new charges to. The first is on parts of the human services industry like clinical gadgets, pharmaceuticals, and protection. (Turner) These territories that are accepting another assessment are being solicited to â€Å"kick back† some from the recently made income came about because of an expansion in paying clients gave by the law. These divisions should profit on net in a huge manner. The second is an expansion of the Medicare charge on the wealthiest Americans, those with wages above $250,000 every year. The effect of assessment changes on the most elevated salary citizens will evade a portion of those charges by re-sorting their wages in manners that limit charges. There is nothing that proposes that the privileged will really work less, contribute less, or do anything which lessens their â€Å"real contribution† to the economy. The third significant assessment arrangement is a â€Å"free rider penalty† of $2000 to $3000 (per representative) on medium and huge organizations that neglect to give laborers reasonable inclusion, driving those laborers to get sponsored protection through the new protection trades. This will to be sure force another budgetary weight on organizations that, in contrast to contenders, don't pay a considerable amount of medical coverage costs. Be that as it may, the general effect is probably going to be little. Just 2. 6 percent of organizations will pay this appraisal, and the income raised will add up to 1. 4 percent of existing spending on medical coverage in the U. S. also, just 0. 1 percent of wages. ( Turner) The ACA should raise work numbers for the clinical business in the short run, more than any halfway balances from new charges on that division. The ACA ought to improve the working of our work showcase in the medium run, by permitting laborers to move to the situations in which they are generally gainful and fulfilled unafraid of occupation lock or losing medical advantages. The â€Å"economic slowdown† from charges on the high society or the little value installments forced on businesses ought to be insignificant. Over the long haul there is a decent possibility the economy will improve by controlling social insurance cost. The decision between ensuring our most helpless residents and improving our economy is a bogus one. The ACA ought to do both. Works Cited Brodwin, David. How the Affordable Care Act Helps the U. S. Economy. US News. U. S. News amp; World Report, 29 Mar. 2012. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. Turner, Grace M. Proamp;Con: Affordable Care Act Will Impose New Burdens on Consumers, Businesses. SouthCoastToday. com. N. p. , 02 Mar. 2013. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. Yoo, Saerom. Mid-Valley Social Services. MidValley Social Services Economic Effect of Medicaid Expansion under Affordable Care Act Comments. N. p. , 07 Feb. 2013. Web. 03 Mar. 2013.

Marketing Orientation in Telecommunication Company Essay

Promoting Orientation in Telecommunication Company - Essay Example A profound investigation of the organization has been made inside this report. Additionally dependent on the investigation of the organization and its rivals, proposals have been set out for the administration. The arrangement that has been set down which incorporates the advantages that Etisalat can pick up from the suggestion of beginning an online business site. This investigation has been founded on an optional research. The data gathered is for the most part from the optional sources, which incorporate different sources, examines, articles, papers, and sites. Optional information alludes to data distributed by others and which is as of now available1. It is additionally information gathered by others as opposed to the scientist who is completing the study2. There has been a through research led to increase all the data of this Etisalat. Extraordinary consideration has been taken while picking the sources from the Internet and it has been guaranteed that the works looked over the Internet are from distributed journalists. As Berry alludes to the Internet in his books, â€Å"an open way to garbage to show up, and one method of minding this is thinking about the author†3. The telecom business of the Middle Eastern nations has seen a ceaseless development. A gauge by Informa Telecoms and Media shows that the year 2009 will keep on observing a consistent development, with practically 28.68 million net considerations into the versatile market this year. The market is exceptionally wide and has the same number of as just about 250 million versatile supporters and is relied upon to reach as high as 250.79 million before the finish of 20094. Etisalat is one of the most established telecom suppliers in UAE. It is going by Mohammad Al Qamzi, the CEO. The organization was consolidated in 1976 and has become a piece of the Financial Times Top 500 Corporation. As far as the capitalization and incomes, this organization remains on the sixth situation in the Middle East.â

Abandoned People in Of Mice and Men Essay Example

Relinquished People in Of Mice and Men Essay Example Relinquished People in Of Mice and Men Essay Relinquished People in Of Mice and Men Essay Paper Topic: Of Mice and Men Steinbeck had just shown a variety of the friendless presence of the farmhands with the more typical mentality towards George, Lennie, and Candy. In Chapter Four, this differentiation turns out to be progressively articulated. Evildoers, Candy, and Lennie being the three intellectually or genuinely distraught â€Å"outcasts† on the ranch talk about their fantasy about carrying on with a predominant way of life. There is by all accounts a solid connection to communism, which presents perspectives on preference, opportunity, and bigotry. Curley’s spouse is reintroduced also, disregarding them four together. These characters are comparable in the manner they are confined from society as a result of their disability. Hooligans is truly incapacitated because of his skin shading. Since he isn't white he is viewed as frail and uncouth. He doesn't have a legitimate room and is stuck in a horse shelter without anyone else each and every day. To add to that, Candy is additionally truly impaired. He can't do certain things due to his missing hand and doesn't feel required on the ranch. His canine was his solitary friend, yet he loses him and has nobody else to depend on. Curley’s spouse is socially impaired. She is seen as a tramp in view of her sex. There are no other ladies for her to converse with, and that makes her look for consideration. To wrap things up, Lennie is intellectually debilitated. He can't have an independent mind and can't process essential ideas. To summarize it, every one of them have a type of debilitation, regardless of whether it be intellectually, genuinely, or s ocially. In spite of the fact that they are certainly comparable, they are likewise exceedingly extraordinary. For example, Crooks is the main character who is forgotten about every day. He can't go anyplace without cruel words being tossed at him or feeling despised totally. Then again, Lennie is taunted basically in view of his dysfunctional behavior. In any event he has somebody to take care of him, which is George. He can end up in a good place, yet individuals want to make their own diversion from pushing howdy

Aztec Religion and Gods of the Ancient Mexica

Aztec Religion and Gods of the Ancient Mexica The Aztec religion was comprised of a mind boggling allowance of faith based expectations, ceremonies and divine beings that helped the Aztec/Mexica to comprehend their universes physical reality, and the presence of life and passing. The Aztecs put stock in a various divinity universe, with various divine beings who ruled over various parts of Aztec society, serving and reacting to Aztec explicit requirements. That structure was profoundly established in a far reaching Mesoamerican convention in which ideas of the universe, world, and nature were shared across the vast majority of the ancient social orders in the southern third of North America. When all is said in done, the Aztecs saw the world as partitioned into and adjusted by a progression of restricting states, parallel resistances, for example, hot and cool, dry and wet, day and night, light and dull. The job of people was to keep up this parity by rehearsing fitting functions and forfeits. The Aztec Universe The Aztecs accepted that the universe was partitioned into three sections: the sky over, the world wherein they lived, and the black market. The world, called Tlaltipac, was imagined as a circle situated known to man. The three levels, paradise, world, and black market, were associated through a focal pivot, or hub mundi. For the Mexica, this focal hub was spoken to on earth by the Templo Mayor, the Main Temple situated at the focal point of the sacrosanct area of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. The Multiple Diety UniverseThe Aztec Heaven and black market were additionally considered as isolated into various levels, individually thirteen and nine, and each of these was neglected by a different god. Every human movement, just as the common components, had their own benefactor god who disregarded distinctive part of human life: labor, trade, agribusiness, just as the regular cycles, scene highlights, downpour, and so on. The significance of interfacing and controlling the patterns of nature, for example, the sun and moon cycles, with human exercises, brought about the utilization, in the dish Mesoamerican convention of advanced schedules which were counseled by clerics and experts. Aztec Gods The conspicuous Aztec researcher Henry B. Nicholson characterized the various Aztec divine beings in three gatherings: heavenly and maker gods, lords of richness, agribusiness and water and gods of war and forfeits. Snap on the connections to learn a greater amount of every one of the primary divine beings and goddesses. Divine and Creator Gods Xiuhtecuhtli-Huehueteotl (Old Man, the pattern of seasons)Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror, divine force of night and sorcery)Quetzalcoatl (the god/legend, the once and future lord figure) Divine forces of Water, Fertility, and Agriculture Tlaloc (downpour god)Chalchiutlicue (She of the Jade Skirt, childbirth)Centeotl (Maize Cob Lord, maize)Xipe Totec Lord with the Flayed Skin, richness) Divine forces of War and Sacrifice Tonatiuh (Aztec sun god)Huitzilopochtli (war god, supporter divine force of Tenochtitlan)Tlaltecuhtli (earth goddess) Sources AA.VV, 2008, La Religiã ³n Mexica, Arqueologã ­a Mexicana, vol. 16, num. 91 Nicholson, Henry B., 1971, Religion in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico, en Robert Wauchope (ed.), Handbook of Middle American Indians, University of Texas Press, Austin, Vol. 10, pp 395-446. Smith Michael, 2003, The Aztecs, Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing Van Tuerenhout Dirk R., 2005, The Aztecs. New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO Inc. Santa Clause Barbara, CA; Denver, CO and Oxford, England.

The Salem Witch Trials In U.S History - Free Essay Example

The Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials took place within 1692-1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. During the 17th century, witches were accused of having had sold their soul to Satan in exchange to perform magical deeds, this is where people believed witches got their abilities from. These years were some of the most catastrophic and infamous events taken place in American History. Innocent individuals were accused of committing witchcraft, including some of the villages most prominent figures. in which the punishment resulted by getting executed, and in one case, a gentleman names Giles Corey was pressed with a pile of stones after he refused to enter a plea in his arrangement which resulted in death. During this time period, mostly women were blamed and were put on trial, if found guilty. This was lead by a group of young afflicted girls in the town on Salem who cried out names of Salems most notable figures. These young girls had gotten incredibly sick, uncontrollable convulsions, violent contortion, Outbursts of screaming, and really high fever. Therefore, they had the local doctor, William Griggs come and see what was wrong, and what he diagnosed these young girls with was bewitchment, meaning that someone has put some sort of black magic in the individual. Which was a real diagnosis back in the day. Additionally, there were fears about religious extremities as many people distinguished witchcraft as being counterproductive. Majority of the Puritans believed in witchcraft as a way to harm others, and they further believed that the witchcraft was an entering partnership with the devil in exchange for diabolical capabilities. As a result, this accumulated into conflicts with the church members. At the time, practicing witchcraft was considered a severe crime and was often punished with serious consequences. These trials came to commonly be referred to as the Salem Witch Trials because some of the most famous cases were heard in the Terminer courts in Salem. Furthermore, after many deaths, the Boston minister spoke out against the trials. He stated, It were better if 10 suspected witches should escape than one innocent person should be condemned. and this was a huge statement. Afterward, the witch hunt hysteria subsided, most individuals went back to their regular life, including the girls whose accusations had sparked this tragedy. Only one of the girls, Ann Putnam, ever publicly acknowledged her role in the hysteria. In 1706, she stood before the church and the pastor read her statement which read, It was a great delusion of Satan that deceived me at that sad timeI desire to lie in the dust and earnestly beg for forgiveness. but even for those pardoned, life was never the same. Majority would live the remainder of their lives in poverty and sickness, these individuals reputation was forever tarnished. In Addition to that, In my research, I learned more about the kind of punishment people were put through. For example, if an individual was found guilty they were put in a prison basement with a small wooden structure, and chained to a wall, the reason for this kind of punishment was because officials believed this would prevent their spirits from escaping the jail and tormenting victims. This place was identified as The Witch Jail and was described a cold, dark, and a very lonely place to be in. In addition, it is said that women were often told to get naked and undergo physical examinations of their unclothed bodies, and this was a consistent humition woman were put through with no remorse because they were seen as disliked social outcasts. Often, young children were also accused and died young, even dogs; during this time period, 2 dogs were executed because of their questionable engagement in witchcraft. Despite after such a terrible death, the corpses were thrown into shallow gr aves, except for some victims such as Rebecca Nurse, John Proctor, and George Jacobs, they were eventually retrieved by their loved ones and placed in Christian burials. During January 15, 1692, the Puritans acknowledged their shameful behavior and took action in their wrongdoings and held a day of prayer; also known as The Day Of Humiliation this was done to plead with God for mercy and for his forgiveness. Although, it took approximately 250 years to properly apologize for the catastrophic events of 1692. On the 325th event, the city of Salem dedicated a memorial place to memorialize the victims of the Salem witch executions, inscribed with the names of 19 victims. This memorial is located across from the original street where these events took place, it also brings justice for wrongfully accusing the victims in 1692. Furthermore, Salem was also long known for a darkand and currupted time in the past where people turned on each other. Although, its now known as a community where people turn toward each other, Driscoll wrote. Having this site identified marks an important opportunity for Salem, as a city, to come together once again. Additionally, The original home of John Proctor, who was an accused witch and was executed in the community during the witch trials, the home is currently on the market, so people are really interested in obtaining this speific house from the witch trials. Furthermore, The Salem witch trials continue to remain relevant in U.S History because of McCarthyism this was created by an American political guy. He blamed Americans of being spies. He stated, We have spies among us, watching us every day to release our private information to the Russian country. He created chaos and paranoia among the nation. Americans everyday blamed each other for weird occurrences daily. Creating what we still remember as McCarthyism. McCarthyism is based on the Salem Witch Trials. Basically stated the hysteria that was caused at that time. Now because of McCarthyism this same hysteria and paranoia came to haunt us once again. Lastly, by comparing the Salem witch trials into a modern issue, it is important to note that the idea of witchcraft wasnt thought about like it is today, there were a lot of different injustices. Although, one similarity and a recent issue is Religion, the killing of innocent individuals, and freedom. Throughout the years, hysteria has caused a lot of disruption and has brought chaos bringing out the fear in people. To begin with, independence in todays era is more allowable in the United States, individuals are free to do whatever they please, unlike the Salem witch trials, people would always get questioned about their every move and having them in an environment where they had no option.